Kernmantle Ropes.

Kernmantle rope is rope constructed with its interior core (the kern) protected with a woven exterior sheath (mantle) that is designed to optimize strength, durability, and flexibility

Use as Climbing ropes
The nylon ropes that were used in yachts for hauling were tested and found useful in climbing and caving, and are now the modern standard. Although there are occasional innovations, the type of rope used today is similar in construction, strength, and durability across manufacturers. There are several major manufacturers, including Pigeon Mountain Industries or PMI, Mammut, Sterling, Beal, Edelweiss, Blue Water, Roca, and Maxim. Kernmantle ropes are still used in sailing and other sports, however the technical requirements are usually not as rigorous as in climbing since the applications are not as safety critical. Smaller kernmantle ropes are commonly called cordalette or accessory cord. They are often used to make prusik knots and loops or attaching accessories such as chalk bags.
One or more of the rope characteristics (strength, durability, and flexibility) are often altered somewhat, depending upon the ultimate use of the rope, at the expense of the other properties. For example, rope used in caving is generally exposed to more abrasion than other forms of recreation, so the mantle is woven more tightly than rope used in climbing or rappelling. However, the resulting rope is cumbersome and difficult to tie knots in.
Kernmantle construction may be used with both static and dynamic ropes. Static ropes are designed to allow relatively little stretch, which is most useful for hauling, rappelling, and other applications. Dynamic rope is used to belay climbers, and is designed to stretch under heavy load to absorb the shock of a fallen climber. Dynamic ropes manufactured for climbing are tested by the UIAA. This test involves tying an 80kg weight to the end of a length of rope. This weight is then dropped 5m on 2.7m of rope with the rope running over a rounded surface simulating that of a standard carabiner. This process is repeated until the rope breaks. It is a common misunderstanding to think that the number of drop test falls (as conducted by the UIAA) is the number of real-life climbing falls a rope can sustain before it becomes unsafe. The drop test falls are of extreme severity and it is not often that a real-life climbing fall generates a comparable force. This adds a margin of safety for the climbers who use such ropes.

Ropes Care
Kernmantle rope should be inspected before and after every use for any form of damage. "Boogers," which indicate internal damage to the kern, will appear as tufts of white threads poking out from the mantle. Ropes that have been severely stressed will have tapered sections to the rope, where it is visibly or palpably thinner. Rope that has been abraded or cut on sharp edges should be examined closely by an experienced user who may choose to cut the rope at that point, rather than risk it parting at that area.
Rope may be cleaned by forming it into a chain sinnet, to prevent excessive tangling, and washing it in a front-loading clothes washing machine with soap flakes. Strong cleansers, including bleach and detergent should not be used with life-critical Nylon components. Commercial rope cleaning devices are available from the climbing and rescue companies CMI and PMI.

abseiling...

Abseiling (German: abseilen, "to rope down"), rappelling in American English,[1] is the controlled descent down a rope; climbers use this technique when a cliff or slope is too steep and/or dangerous to descend without protection. Abseiling is used chiefly in British English, while other Anglophone countries, except Australia and New Zealand, use different terms.

History
The origin of the abseil is attributed to Jean Estéril Charlet, a Chamonix guide who lived from 1840-1925. Charlet originally devised the technique of the abseil (or rappel) method of roping down during a failed solo attempt of Petit Dru in 1876. After many attempts, some of them solo, he managed to summit the Petit Dru in 1879 in the company of two other Chamonix guides, Prosper Payot and Frédéric Folliguet, whom he hired (a rather paradoxical move for a guide). During that ascent, Charlet perfected the abseil.

Equipment
Ropes: Climbers often simply use their climbing ropes for rappelling. For many other applications, low-stretch rope (typically ~2% stretch when under the load of a typical bodyweight) called static rope is used to reduce bouncing and to allow easier ascending of the rope.

Anchors for rappelling are sometimes made with trees or boulders, using webbing and cordellete, or also with rock climbing equipment, such as nuts, hexes and spring loaded camming devices. Some climbing areas have fixed anchors for rappelling.

A descender or rappel device is a friction device or friction hitch that allows rope to be paid out in a controlled fashion, under load, with a minimal effort by the person controlling it. The speed at which the rappeller descends is controlled by applying greater or lesser force on the rope below the device or altering the angle at which the rope exits the device. Descenders can be task-designed or improvised from other equipment. Mechanical descenders include braking bars, the figure eight, the abseil rack, the "bobbin" (and its self-locking variant the "stop"), the gold tail, and the "sky genie" used by some window-washers and wildfire firefighters. Some improvised descenders include the Munter hitch, a carabiner wrap, the basic crossed-carabiner brake and the piton bar brake (sometimes called the carabiner and piton). There is an older, more uncomfortable, method of wrapping the rope around one's body for friction instead of using a descender, as in the Dulfersitz or Geneva methods used by climbers in the 1960s.

A climbing harness is often used around the waist to secure the descender. A comfortable climbing harness is important for descents that may take many hours.

A prusik might be used as safety back-up.

Helmets are worn to protect the head from bumps and falling rocks. A light source may be mounted on the helmet in order to keep the hands free in unlit areas.

Gloves protect hands from the rope and from hits with the wall. They are mainly used by recreational abseilers, industrial access practitioners, adventure racers and military as opposed to climbers or mountaineers. In fact, they can increase the risk of accident by becoming caught in the descender in certain situations.

Boots or other sturdy footwear with good grips.

Knee-pads (and sometimes elbow-pads) are popular in some applications for the protection of joints during crawls or hits.

Application
Abseiling is used in a number of applications, including:
• Climbing, for returning to the base of a climb or to a point where one can try a new route.
• Recreational abseiling.
• Canyoning, where jumping waterfalls or cliffs may be too dangerous.
• Caving and Speleology, where underground pitches are accessed using this method (Single Rope Technique).
• Adventure racing, where events often include abseiling and other rope work.
• Industrial/Commercial applications, where abseiling techniques are used to access parts of structures or buildings so as to perform maintenance, cleaning or construction, e.g. steeplejacking, window cleaning, etc.)
• Access to wildfires.
• Confined spaces access, such as investigating ballast tanks and other areas of ships.
• Rescue applications, such as accessing injured people or accident sites (vehicle or aircraft) and extracting the casualty using abseiling techniques.
• (Military) Tactical heliborne insertion of troops and special forces into the battlefield close to the objective when proper landing zones are not available. More commonly used in urban warfare scenarios and is increasingly replaced by fast-roping. Typical examples include: insertion into urban environments, boarding (attack) of sea-going vessels and insertion of forces to seize and secure a landing zone in enemy territory (airhead assault).

Safety and Ecological Issues
Abseiling can be dangerous, and presents risks, especially to unsupervised or inexperienced abseilers. According to German mountaineer Pit Schubert, about 25% of climbing deaths occur during rappelling, most commonly due to failing anchors. Another frequent cause of accidents is abseiling beyond the end of the rope.
Abseiling is prohibited or discouraged in some areas, due to the potential for environmental damage and/or conflict with climbers heading upwards, or the danger to people on the ground.

What is Outdoor Recreation??

Outdoor recreation activities have been defined as those activities that: are undertaken outside confines or building do not involve organised competition or formal rules can be undertaken without the existence of any built facility or infrastructure may require large areas of land, water or air may require outdoor areas of predominantly unmodified natural landscape   Facilities, site modification or infrastructure may be provided to manage the impacts generated by the activities. However, outdoor recreation activities can be undertaken without facilities, site modification or infrastructure. Outdoor recreation activities include (but are not limited to) non-competitive: Ballooning Boating/sailing Bungy jumping Bushwalking Camping Canoeing Canyoning Caving Climbing Conservation activities Cycling Fishing Fossicking/collecting Four-wheel-driving Hang-gliding/para-gliding Horse riding Hunting (recreational) Jet skiing Kayaking (river and sea) Kite flying Motor/trail bike riding Mountain bike riding Nature studies Orienteering Parachuting Picnicking Rafting Rogaining Ropes courses Sailboarding Scuba diving Shooting (recreational) Skateboarding/ rollerblading Skiing (snow): Cross country/Nordic Skiing (snow): Downhill Snorkelling Surfing Touring Waterskiing It should be noted that activities that involve organised competition based on formal rules are, by definition, sports. Competitive versions of some of the above activities exist.

Kayaking / Canoeing.

Kayaking

  

Kayaking is the use of a kayak for moving across water. Kayaking is generally differentiated from canoeing by the sitting position of the paddler and the number of blades on the paddle. A kayak is defined by the International Canoe Federation (the world sanctioning body) as a boat where the paddler faces forward, legs in front, using a double bladed paddle. Almost all kayaks have big decks, however, there are many sit-on-top kayaks, and these boats are growing in popularity. A canoe is defined as a boat where the paddler faces forward and sits or kneels in the boat, using a single bladed paddle. Canoes can be closed deck or open deck.

Whitewater kayaking involves taking a kayak down rapids. Sea kayaking, sometimes referred to as Ocean Kayaking, involves taking kayaks out on to the ocean or other open water e.g., a lake. Sea kayaking can involve short paddles with a return to the starting point or "put-in" or expeditions covering many miles and days. Kayaking of all kinds has continued to increase in general popularity through the 1990s and early 21st century.

Kayaks are classified by their intended use. There are six primary classifications: polo, slalom, whitewater, surf, touring/expedition, light touring/day tripping and general recreation. From these primary classifications stem many sub-classes. For example, a fishing kayak is simply a general recreation kayak outfitted with features and accessories that make it an easier kayak from which to fish. A creek kayak is a certain type of whitewater kayak, designed to handle narrow gully type rivers and falls. Also within these classifications are many levels of performance which further separate the individual models. In other words, not all touring kayaks handle the same.

There are two major configurations of kayaks: "sit on tops" which, as the name suggests, involves sitting on top of the kayak in an open area, and "cockpit style" which involves sitting with the legs and hips inside the kayak hull with a "spray deck" or "spray skirt" that creates a water resistant seal around the waist. Whether a kayak is a sit-on-top or a cockpit style has nothing to do with its classification. Both configurations are represented in each of the five primary classifications. While most kayaks are designed to be paddled by a single person, other configurations include tandem and even triple cockpit boats.

Because of their range and adaptability, kayaks can be a useful mode of transport for other sports such as diving, fishing, and wilderness exploration.

Canoeing

Canoeing is an activity involving a special kind of canoe. When exactly a canoe can be called a kayak is difficult to determine though, and often arbitrary. Internationally, the term canoeing is used as a generic term for both forms though the terms "paddle sports" or "canoe/kayak" are also used. In North America, however, 'canoeing' usually refers only to canoes, as opposed to both canoes and kayaks. Paddling a kayak is also referred to as kayaking.

Open canoes may be 'poled' (punted), sailed, 'lined and tracked' (using ropes) or even 'gunnel-bobbed'.

In modern canoe sport, canoes and kayaks are classified together, although these watercraft have different designs, and historical uses. Both canoes and kayaks may be closed-decked. Other than by the minimum competition specifications (typically length and width (beam) and seating arrangement it is difficult to differentiate most competition canoes from the equivalent competition kayaks. The most common difference is that competition kayaks are always seated and paddled with a double-bladed paddle, and competition canoes are generally kneeled and paddled with a single-bladed paddle. Exceptions include Canoe Marathon (in both European and American competitive forms) and sprint (high kneeling position). The most traditional and early canoes did not have seats, the paddlers merely kneeled on the bottom of the boat. Recreational canoes and kayaks employ seats and whitewater rodeo and surf variants increasingly employ the use of 'saddles' to give greater boat control under extreme conditions.

Expose de Scene 2010!!!

 

Porosus Team (Team Buaya)

(gambar tak termasuk Haziq)

Expose de scene adalah nama bagi perkhemahan akhir untuk subjek rekriasi luar semester 2 pelajar pengajian sukan. Kem ini diadakan di Kem Murni, KG Jahang Gopeng Perak. Kem ini diadakan selama 6 hari bermula 13-18 februari 2010. Antara pelajar-pelajar yang terlibat dalam perkhemahan ini ialah pelajar UITM dari kampus Shahputra, Shah Alam, Jengka dan Instedt. Jumlah pelajar semasa kem ini ialah sebanyak 123 orang. Kem ini dijayakan secara kerjasama dari Pembimbing Rekriasi Luar UITM (PERLU). Semasa kem ini dijalankan, banyak aktiviti- aktiviti yang dijalankan seperti caving, tubing, camp craft, low ropes course, navigation dan survivor. Dalam banyak2 aktiviti yang dijalankan, aktiviti tubing adalah yang menarik dan seronok. Ini kerana aktiviti ini melibatkan air. Jadi kami yang memang jarang2 dapat mandi semasa  kem ini berlangsung dapatlah mengambil peluang mandi sambil beraktiviti. Antara pengalaman yang tidak dapat dilupakan adalah semasa hari pertama. Kami dipanggil untuk makan selepas semua penat mendirikan tapak perkhemahan. Dengan perut yang sangat lapar. Memang otak hanya fikirkan makanan. pada masa itu aku makan bersama sam dan haziq seingt aku. menu malam itu ialah nasi goreng dan sup sayur. memang sedap klao perut tgh lapar. tp yang sedap nya lagi apabila memandang sup itu ada makanan tambahan. katak. sesedap hati die je berenang2 dlam sup kami. x tau ble die singgah di situ. tp ape bole bwat. sup dh dituang ke dalam nasi. dengan perut yang sangat lapar. kami lupekan pasal katak dan makan dengan hati yang girang. memang sedap. terima kasih kepada sesapa yang masak. blurrpp... pangalaman yang paling best ialah semasa aktiviti tubing. itu adalah pengalaman pertama aku. melunsur sana, melunsur sini.. fuh.. bebas beb. tp keselamatan tetap kena jage. mase aktiviti ni aku hanya 3 kali jatuh. permulaan yang baik.. tu pun sebab x pandai lagi nak seimbangkan badan. perkara buruk juga ada berlaku. tapi bukan kat aku. ia terjadi kat team mate aku. lapo sangat agaknya. makanan hape ntah yang die telan. orang suruh bwat test n saba.. die terus g telan. kan dah gedabak bibir ko. tapi x pe.. itulah pengalaman. pengalaman mengajar kita. hee.. ape2 pun memang banyak yang kami belajar semasa kem ini. sangat berguna untuk kegunaan masa hadapan. thank to all............

Final Camp!!

esk akan bermula lah final camp yang akan diadakan di kem murni Gopeng Perak.. agak jauh tempat yang dituju.. tapi x pe.. jauh perjalanan luas pengetahuan.. harap semasa di sana kami diberi tunjuk ajar yang sebaik nya dan dilayan sama adil di atas prinsip 1Malaysia.. kami juga telah bersiap sedia dari segi fizikal dan juga mental... puas seminggu lebih menyiapkan peralatan untuk ke sana.. setakat ini dulu coretan untuk post kali ni.. tunggu cerita yang lebih menarik selepas kami kembali dari Gopeng Perak nanti pada 18 Februari ini.. See ya..

selamat menjalani hukuman di hutan...

alhamdulillah.. selamat jugak aku selesaikan intro kem yang dibuat di hutan simpan uitm jengka.. banyak jugak pengalaman yang aku dpt.. aku sampai kuantan pukul 12 tgh mlm..esknya tak pegi kelas.. hehe.. tp penat gile lah kt sane.. memang kena kuatkan mental kat sane.. nsb baik la aku dilahirkan dengan mental yang bagus dan waras.. wee..  tapi malangnya aku tak dapat bawak blk gambar2 kenangan dari sana sebab gadget terpakse di serahkan.. wuaa.. cume cerita sahaja yang ade.. ok lah.. ni juz intro untuk entry yang laen sal perkhemahan ni.. nantikan episod seterusnya.. (nak tido.. x cukop tido)...

pergi meninggalkan semua kesenangan untuk mencari kesusahan di sana!!!

perghh.. esk dh nk g intro camp kt hutan simpan uitm jengka.. agk gelojoh dan berhati2 jugak lee untuk ke sana.. sbb nye byk khabar2 menyatakan yang kalau camp skali dengan budak kampus laen ni agak macam neraka.. tapi x kisah laa.. saye kan kuat.. haha.. acteli camp ni gabung skali dengan budak2 uitm shah alam, jengka dan instedt.. pa pe pon.. kite enjoy..

kelas ikatan bersama mr Ikbal n en mus....

kelas outdoor rini kami belajor sal ikatan y penting as persediaan utk g kem hujung minggu neh.. hurm.. kem y slame neh agk kecoh2 at last dpt gak tempat die n date.. kami buat kt jengka pada 29-31 januari.. minggu dpn lee tuh.. pape pon, ni antra jenis2 ikatan y blajor td..

Hari Memblog Sekelas!!

Hallo there.. ini post pertama aku yang buat dalam keadaan yang sangat lah tergesa-gesa sbb bwat dlm klz.. yang best nya, blog neh tercreate sbb mmbuat blog adalah 5%-10% carry mark (x brape pasti lee) daripada subjek outdoor activities.. hope can get full mark.. weee... neway thankass kpade en.Mus sbb aja kami bwat blog.. hurmm.. sekian buat mase skunk yeah.. nk sambung edit blog..  daa...